PFAS, often called ‘forever chemicals,’ are common in firefighting foams and pose serious health and environmental risks.
The UK is tightening its regulations, including a Private Member’s Bill to introduce enforceable drinking water limits and the adoption of stricter standards in Scotland. Internationally, countries such as the US and Canada are also advancing PFAS controls.
As organisations transition to fluorine-free alternatives, performance and implementation challenges may arise. Ongoing developments in PFAS regulation and management will shape the future of firefighting practices and environmental protection.
Understanding PFAS and their risks
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are valued for their exceptional fire-suppressing properties, yet they present significant environmental and health hazards.
Found extensively in firefighting foams, these compounds persist in the environment for decades –earning the nickname forever chemicals. Their accumulation leads to long-term contamination, especially near airports, military bases, and fire training facilities.
Scientific studies link PFAS exposure to cancers, liver damage, and reproductive issues. Alarmingly high PFAS concentrations have been detected in freshwater fish, underscoring the scale of environmental contamination.
In response, recent UK regulations aim to phase out PFAS in firefighting foams, restrict harmful compounds like PFOA, and promote safer alternatives – an essential step in safeguarding public health and reducing ecological harm.
The UK’s evolving regulatory framework
The UK’s approach to PFAS regulation is changing as awareness of the associated risks grows, although progress has been slower than in the EU. Key developments include:
- Private Member’s Bill: Seeks enforceable PFAS limits in drinking water.
- Scotland’s stricter standards: Closer alignment with EU rules, highlighting regional differences within the UK.
- NGO proposal for a universal ban: Could trigger significant reforms ahead of the EU/ECHA’s 2026 compliance requirements for commercial and naval vessels.
These measures reflect a shift towards more robust controls on persistent organic pollutants, driven by rising concern over PFAS’s long-term impacts.
International approaches to PFAS regulation
Globally, countries are intensifying efforts to curb PFAS contamination:
- United States: The EPA has proposed strict limits on PFAS in drinking water, taking a firm regulatory stance.
- European Union: Progressing with broad restrictions; the Netherlands has taken legal action against PFAS manufacturers.
- Australia: Implemented precautionary bans on specific PFAS in firefighting foams and offers compensation to affected landowners.
- Canada: Moving toward a comprehensive ban under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.
While the UK is working to align with international best practices, its current pace lags behind global frontrunners. The varied approaches highlight the need for coordinated international action to tackle PFAS effectively.
Implications for the insurance market
Heightened regulation of PFAS is reshaping the insurance landscape, as insurers classify these chemicals as a major emerging risk. Key trends include:
- Policy exclusions: PFAS-related liabilities are increasingly excluded from general liability and environmental impairment cover.
- Regulatory uncertainty: Lack of uniform standards creates potential coverage gaps.
- Litigation influence: High-profile US cases against manufacturers are prompting UK insurers to adjust their risk models.
As PFAS regulation tightens, insurers and policyholders alike will need to adopt proactive risk management strategies.
Managing stockpiles and transitioning to alternatives
The recent ban on PFOA-containing firefighting foams requires urgent action. From 4 July 2025, organisations have been required to notify regulators if they hold more than 50 kg of such foam.
Transitioning to fluorine-free foams can present performance challenges, particularly compared to C6 AFFF foams, which remain permissible under certain conditions. Best practices include:
- Servicing and replacing firefighting equipment, including foam extinguishers, at least every five years.
- Reviewing safety data sheets and consulting suppliers or laboratories to confirm PFAS content.
- Developing a phased replacement strategy to ensure operational readiness and compliance.
Proactive planning will reduce disruption and help organisations meet regulatory deadlines.
Future outlook
The next few months will bring rapid change as the UK enforces its PFAS ban and strengthens compliance measures. Likely developments include:
- Enhanced PFAS testing and monitoring for manufacturers and end-users.
- Possible acceleration of restrictions if the proposed universal ban gains support.
- Advances in PFAS destruction and recycling technologies.
Legislative momentum could further tighten controls. Effective stockpile management and the adoption of safer alternatives will be critical to meeting both legal requirements and public safety goals.
