New dark matter research challenges decades-old theories and sheds light on the early beginnings of the Universe.
Researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and Université Paris-Saclay have discovered that dark matter could have been “incredibly hot”, moving at nearly the speed of light when it was first born.
The research provides new clues about the origins of our Universe and opens up a broader range of possibilities for dark matter and its interactions with other matter.
Dark matter previously thought to be cold and slow-moving
For decades, researchers believed that dark matter must be cold or slow-moving when it “freezes out” from the radiation bath in the early Universe.
The team studied dark matter production during an era in the Universe’s history known as post-inflationary reheating.
“The simplest dark matter candidate (a low mass neutrino) was ruled out over 40 years ago since it would have wiped out galactic-sized structures instead of seeding them,” said Keith Olive, professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy.
“The neutrino became the prime example of hot dark matter, where structure formation relies on cold dark matter. It is amazing that a similar candidate, if produced just as the hot big bang Universe was being created, could have cooled to the point where it would in fact act as cold dark matter.”
Cooling before galaxies form
Researchers showed that dark matter can decouple while ultrarelativistic (very hot) and still have time to cool before galaxies begin to form into what we know today.
The key feature that enables this is that dark matter is produced during an era in the early Universe’s history known as reheating.
Stephen Henrich, graduate student in the School of Physics and Astronomy and the study’s lead, explained: “Dark matter is famously enigmatic. One of the few things we know about it is that it needs to be cold.
“As a result, for the past four decades, most researchers have believed that dark matter must be cold when it is born in the primordial universe.”
He added: “Our recent results show that this is not the case; in fact, dark matter can be red hot when it is born, but still has time to cool down before galaxies begin to form.”
Discovering the best way to detect particles
The research will continue by determining the best methods to detect these particles either directly using colliders or scattering experiments, or indirectly via astrophysical observations.
“With our new findings, we may be able to access a period in the history of the Universe very close to the Big Bang,” concluded Yann Mambrini, professor from the Université Paris-Saclay in France and co-author of the study.
