A recent study has revealed the staggering economic and environmental burden of PFAS pollution in Europe, highlighting the urgent need for action to prevent further damage.
Often referred to as “forever chemicals,” PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) persist in the environment and human bodies for decades, making early intervention critical.
According to the report, if current levels of PFAS pollution continue unchecked until 2050, the total cost to the European Union could reach an estimated €440bn. These costs arise from a combination of health impacts, environmental remediation, and disruptions to natural ecosystems.
PFAS exposure has been linked to serious health conditions, including hormonal disruptions, immune system effects, and certain cancers. Additionally, contaminated water, soil, and food chains require expensive treatment and restoration, while critical natural processes such as pollination are also affected.
The study’s estimates are considered conservative, focusing on a limited number of regulated PFAS substances, despite the existence of thousands of other variants whose impacts are not yet fully understood.
Speaking on the concerning report findings, Jessika Roswall, Commissioner for Environment, Water Resilience and a Competitive Economy, commented: “Providing clarity on PFAS with bans for consumer uses is a top priority for both citizens and businesses.
“That is why this is an absolute priority for me to work on this and engage with all relevant stakeholders. Consumers are concerned, and rightly so. This study underlines the urgency to act.”
The case for early action
One of the key findings of the report is the economic advantage of proactive measures. Tackling PFAS pollution at its source by 2040 could save the EU around €110bn.
In contrast, addressing contamination after it has occurred – such as treating polluted water – could cost over €1 trillion.
Even after emissions stop, PFAS remain in the environment and human bodies for decades, the report notes, emphasising the importance of early interventions to limit long-term health and environmental costs.
Who is most at risk?
Certain populations are especially vulnerable to PFAS exposure, including newborns, children, residents living near contaminated sites, and workers handling PFAS-containing materials.
The European Commission has expressed its commitment to safeguarding these groups while balancing the transition to safer alternatives in industrial applications.
EU measures to combat PFAS pollution
The European Union has already implemented several measures to reduce PFAS risks. The most harmful substances, including PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and long-chain PFCAs, have been banned.
In 2024, the EU expanded restrictions to undecafluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and related substances in products ranging from consumer textiles and cosmetics to food packaging.
Further action followed in October 2025, with phased-in bans on all PFAS in firefighting foams, one of the main sources of emissions.
Additionally, under the recast Drinking Water Directive, all EU Member States are now required to monitor PFAS levels in drinking water to meet new limit values.
Regulation and industry action
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is currently assessing a proposal for a universal PFAS restriction, with results expected by the end of 2026. The European Commission will base its restriction proposal on this assessment, aiming for comprehensive regulatory coverage.
Beyond regulation, the Chemicals Industry Action Plan, adopted in July 2025, outlines initiatives to support a transition away from PFAS. This includes the development of an EU-wide PFAS monitoring framework to share best practices, collect data, and coordinate remediation efforts.
A stakeholder dialogue is also planned to foster a holistic understanding of PFAS pollution challenges across sectors.
A call to prevent long-term PFAS damage
The study serves as a stark reminder that the financial and societal costs of inaction on PFAS pollution are enormous.
By addressing sources of contamination now, Europe can reduce health risks, protect the environment, and save billions of euros in future remediation costs.
