Building the high-speed, energy-efficient optical backbone needed to support the future demands of 6G networks.
To support the demands of future 6G applications, our communication networks must take a significant leap forward. Meeting the ambitious goals of 6G will require substantial upgrades in how optical networks – those that use light to transmit data – are designed and managed. These improvements include faster data transfer, lower latency, greater flexibility, enhanced energy efficiency, and smarter resource allocation powered by AI. This article outlines a new approach developed by the PROTEUS-6G project, which brings together key innovations to meet these challenges.
Revolutionising network infrastructure connectivity
One of the most critical components of a 6G network is the infrastructure connecting various parts of the system, particularly the links between central hubs and cell sites. PROTEUS-6G introduces a novel connection architecture (see Fig. 1) that can better adapt to fluctuating traffic demands. In this system, each cell site receives data via dedicated optical fibres connected to a central hub. These hubs can dynamically allocate additional data signals as needed. If one site experiences increased demand, the system can reroute traffic through alternate signal paths with available capacity. Multiple transmitters collaborate to select optimal paths and reduce energy consumption.
photonic filters
This architecture adapts strategies used in modern data centres and applies them to mobile network infrastructure. Traditional data centre tools, however, cannot handle the fine-grained adjustments required in this context. To address this, PROTEUS-6G employs advanced photonic filtering techniques – highlighted in the inset of Fig. 1 – to better control signal transmission and reception. These techniques enhance network efficiency by directing traffic precisely where it is needed.
Enabling 6G: Energy-efficient transmission
Another core innovation is the development of simplified, energy-efficient transmitters and receivers. These components transmit and detect optical signals without relying on complex, power-intensive digital processors. PROTEUS-6G has developed two novel components that manage signals optically rather than electronically, resulting in faster and more efficient performance. One of these components, shown in Fig. 2, can double the data throughput of a single optical channel compared to existing technologies. It achieves this by transmitting two data streams simultaneously using both polarisation states of light.
This configuration delivers impressive speeds – up to 800 gigabits per second per channel. By aggregating several of these channels, the system can achieve over six terabits per second on a single fibre. Such speeds are essential for enabling high-performance 6G applications, including large-scale antenna arrays and boundaryless network systems. Additionally, the receivers are designed to handle signal distortions and delays, ensuring a stable and reliable connection over long distances.
Intelligent management: Streamlining network efficiency through unified control
Coordinating these various system elements requires intelligent management. Current networks often separate packet switching and optical path management, leading to inefficiencies. For instance, one controller may manage packet routing, while another handles physical light paths. This fragmented control hampers network adaptability.
To resolve this, PROTEUS-6G introduces a unified control platform (see Fig. 3) that integrates both packet and optical management into a single, AI-enabled decision-making system. This allows the network to adapt quickly and intelligently, rerouting traffic and reallocating resources in real time. The system can manage routing, security, and quality of service across all layers–from local cell sites to regional hubs – while also overseeing optical path management via advanced photonic equipment.
This integrated approach is crucial for supporting emerging 6G technologies. For example, modern routers must manage subdivided data signals that travel across multiple paths. Only a unified controller can coordinate this complexity and ensure efficient network operation.
Transforming networks: The future of PROTEUS-6G technology
In summary, the innovations introduced by PROTEUS-6G–new hardware, advanced signal routing, and centralised control–create a fast, flexible, and energy-efficient transport system tailored for 6G. The architecture supports next-generation mobile networks, where multiple antennas collaborate to deliver consistent coverage and where network components adjust dynamically based on real-time conditions. Energy savings are achieved by activating only the required components while letting idle elements power down.
Looking ahead, future efforts will aim to further miniaturise and integrate these technologies. Researchers also plan to eliminate digital processing in additional areas and apply AI for greater automation. These advancements will make networks more manageable and even more responsive.
The PROTEUS-6G initiative demonstrates what is possible when cutting-edge hardware, intelligent software, and visionary design converge. With continued development, this approach can provide the backbone for the next generation of mobile networks, supporting everything from smart cities to immersive virtual experiences.
Please note, this article will also appear in the 23rd edition of our quarterly publication.
